islam place of origin

[136][137][138], Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, which he ruled from Mahdia, his capital in Tunisia.[139]. Most of these have a large dome above the main prayer hall. Upon Al-Muktafi's death, the vazir next chose Al-Muqtadir. Toghrül overran Syria and Armenia. [N]on-Muslim sources allow us to perceive an additional advantage, namely, that Arabs had been serving in the armies of Byzantium and Persia long before Islam; they had acquired valuable training in the weaponry and military tactics of the empires and had become to some degree acculturated to their ways. Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. In parallel, Sunnism became defined as a religion of laws. The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction by James A. Millward. They traded not only Arabian goods but also goods from Africa, India, and so on which included ivory, fragrances, spices, and gold. Al-Hakam II succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd ar-Rahman III in 961. Unlike other governments in the area, Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit than heredity. Christianity and Islam are the two largest religions in the world and share a historical traditional connection, with some major theological differences. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations". The Bayt al-mal, the Welfare State then continued under the Abbasids. His son, Az-Zahir, was Caliph for a short period before his death and An-Nasir's grandson, Al-Mustansir, was made caliph. In 1260, the Mongols sacked Aleppo and wrested control of what remained of the Ayyubid territories soon after. This sections deals with the issues of history as viewed by Muslims and some Orientalists. Islam means 'surrender' (to God), and from the same root anyone who follows Islam is a Muslim. Muslims believe that there is only one God. Zengi was recalled to the East, stimulated by the Caliph and Dubays, where he was beaten. Following the end of the war, the vast majority of former Ottoman territory outside of Asia Minor was handed over to the victorious European powers as protectorates. Al-Andalus was a safe haven for the house of Umayya that managed to evade the Abbasids. Jerusalem was captured by crusaders who massacred its inhabitants. At the death of Imam Amir, one branch of the Mustaali faith claimed that he had transferred the imamate to his son at-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim, who was then two years old. Secondly, the discipline displayed by the Muslims brought home to the Meccans, perhaps for the first time, the abilities of the man they had driven from their city. Abbasid "shadow" caliph of Cairo "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", Peter B. The Būyids made large territorial gains. He was invited to Kufa but was later betrayed and killed. His son Ar-Radi took over only to experience a cascade of misfortune. [257] Ottoman successor states include today's Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Balkan states, North Africa and the north shore of the Black Sea.[258]. A number of attempts to recover it failed, led by an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo. [114] The Ulama emerged as a force in Islamic politics during Al-Ma'mun's reign for opposing the inquisitions. Al-Walid paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest navy in the Umayyad era., This tactic was crucial for the expansion to the Iberian Peninsula. He was even worse. Al-Mu'tamid followed, holding on for 23 years, though he was largely a ruler in name only. The Tahirids were exempted from many tribute and oversight functions. The ruler spent recklessly, causing a revolt of Turks, Africans, and Persians for their pay. [237] The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in native societies during most of its existence, rather co-opting and pacifying them through concilliatory administrative practices[238][239] and a syncretic, inclusive ruling elite,[240] leading to more systematic, centralized and uniform rule. [194], Early Islamic disciples fled to the port city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia to seek protection from the Quraysh at the court of the Aksumite Emperor in present-day Somalia. Encyclopedia of World Religions. [198][199][page needed] Qutb-ud-din Aybak conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the Delhi Sultanate,[200] a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous Indo-Gangetic plain and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, Razia Sultana. Dictionary of wars. He explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of God and the Sunna. 1947: Pakistan founded as an Islamic nation. R.P.Blake) 303, Kalistriat Salia-History of the Georguan Nation, p. 210. Tariq's commander, Musa bin Nusair crossed with substantial reinforcements, and by 718 the Muslims dominated most of the peninsula. Sunni Muslims credit him with saving the fledgling Muslim nation from post-civil war anarchy. Yazid III spoke out against his cousin Walid's "immorality" which included discrimination on behalf of the Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis and non-Arab Muslims, and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in human free will). Tolerance covered non-Muslims such as Christians and Jews; they took high levels in government based on ability. [89] Hisham died in 743. 227-228. It is the religion of about 1.6 billion people around the globe as of 2010, according to the Pew Research Center, which also ranks the Abrahamic, monotheistic faith as the fastest growing religion in the world. Other places, like Iraq, were not as successful due to a lack of unity and an inability to resolve age-old prejudices between Muslim sects and against non-Muslims. Sulayman sent Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik to attack the Byzantine capital (siege of Constantinople). By Muhammad's time, blood feuds, violence, and general immorality abounded. Rahman I and his army confronted the Abbasids, killing most of the Abbasid army. The Bakr tribe, which had defeated a Persian detachment in 606, joined forces with the Muslims and led them on a raid in southern Iraq [...] A similar spilling over of tribal raiding occurred on the Syrian frontiers. Remarkable was the invention of Tamerlane Chess, reconstruction of the city of Samarkand, and substantial contributions made by the family of Sultan Shah Rukh, which include Gawhar Shad, polymath Ulugh Begh, and Sultan Husayn Bayqara in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. In 1139, al-Muqtafi granted protection to the Nestorian patriarch Abdisho III. The intervention of Bulgaria on the Byzantine side proved decisive. Several trade routes intersected at Mecca, allowing the Quraish to control trade along the west coast of Arabia, north to Syria, and south to Yemen. Although claiming to be the descendants of Ali ibn Abu Talib, the Safavids were Sunni (the name "Safavid" comes from a Sufi order called Safavi). [96], Expansion continued, sometimes by force, sometimes by peaceful proselytising. [37] After a series of military confrontations and political manoeuvres, Muhammad was able to secure control of Mecca and allegiance of the Quraysh in 629. An-Nasir, "The Victor for the Religion of God", attempted to restore the Caliphate to its ancient dominant role. Although the Umayyad family had been killed by the revolting Abbasids, one family member, Abd ar-Rahman I, escaped to Spain and established an independent caliphate there in 756. Faisal agreed that Saudi Arabia would use some of its oil wealth to finance the "front-line states", those that bordered Israel, in their struggle. Religions of the World. [171] The Battle of Ain Jalut and the glorious Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303), the latter partly led by Imam Ibn Taymiyyah, marked the end of the Mongol invasions of the Levant. [177] Economic development was also encouraged through the widening of streets and the building of markets. This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 14:45. The jihad, itself at the origin of a rich Islamic scholarship, has now given place to a wide and varied literature. He died in 888 at Bobastro, succeeded by his brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi. Islam becomes a minority religion in India. His long rule was an effective one, and renewed reforms introduced by Umar II. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the talented prince Abd al-Rahman who escaped to the Iberian Peninsula and founded a dynasty there. Native legends say that a group of Sahaba, under Malik Ibn Deenar, arrived on the Malabar Coast and preached Islam. The Aceh Sultanate was the most important, controlling much of the area between Southeast Asia and India from its centre in northern Sumatra. While Suleiman I's rule (1520–1566) is often identified as the apex of Ottoman power, the empire continued to remain powerful and influential until a relative fall in its military strength in the second half of the eighteenth century. How Islam Began He was killed in the Battle of Karbala the same year, in an event still mourned by Shia on the Day of Ashura. ", Islamic world during the Abbasid Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan Selim I sought to repel Safavid expansion, challenging and defeating them at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. p. 94. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKoprulu1992 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFYarshater2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKhanbaghi2006 (. Al-Mu'tasim overcame the rebels and secured a significant victory. [207] The foremost[citation needed] socio-cultural Muslim entities that resulted form this are the present-day Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Maguindanao; Islamised kingdoms in the northern Luzon island, such as the Kingdom of Maynila and the Kingdom of Tondo, were later conquered and Christianised with the majority of the archipelago by Spanish colonisers beginning in the 16th century. Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists. [6] In 622, a few years after losing protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib, Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib (now known as Medina). [201] The Bengal Sultanate in particular was a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with". After consulting with the poor, Umar established the Bayt al-mal,[42][43][44] a welfare institution for the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. After Shirkuh ended Fatimid rule in 1169, uniting it with Syria, the Crusader kingdoms were faced with a threat, and his nephew Saladin reconquered most of the area in 1187, leaving the Crusaders holding a few ports.[152]. Under the rule of Yazid I, some Muslims in Kufa began to think that if Husayn ibn Ali the descendant of Muhammad was their ruler, he would have been more just. There were disturbances in Iraq during the first several years of Al-Ma'mun's reign. He was the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death the dynasty fell into decline. Thus they united Syria and Egypt for the longest interval between the Abbasid and Ottoman empires (1250–1517). The decision to back Germany in World War I meant they shared the Central Powers' defeat in that war. Highly persianized empires built by the Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids made significant developments. The Muslims sustained heavy losses. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded on the Malay Peninsula by Parameswara, a Srivijayan Prince. Bosworth, SUNY, Albany, 1991. Muawiyah I moved his capital to Damascus from Medina, which led to profound changes in the empire. His reign is considered to be the apex of Islamic power. He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus. The period under Muawiya II was marked by civil wars (Second Fitna). The son he had designated as successor was killed by one of Umawi's brothers. The reign of Shah Jahan (1628–1658) represented the height of Mughal architecture, with famous monuments such as the Taj Mahal, Moti Masjid, Red Fort, Jama Masjid and Lahore Fort being constructed during his reign. OPEC had been emboldened by the success of Sadat's campaigns and the war strengthened their unity. [208] Although the sultanate managed to expand its territory somewhat, its rule remained brief. Books and articles on Islamic history (and even the translation and interpretation of the Qur’an) are consequently colored by the sectarian beliefs and thoughts of their authors. Despite at first involving only the Arab states bordering Israel, animosity has also developed between Israel and other predominantly Muslim states. In the late mid-930s, the Ikhshidids of Egypt carried the Arabic title "Wali" reflecting their position as governors on behalf of the Abbasids, The first governor (Muhammad bin Tughj Al-Ikhshid) was installed by the Abbasid Caliph. For example, during the later stages of the Abbasid Caliphate, even the capital city of Baghdad was effectively ruled by other dynasties such as the Buyyids and the Seljuks, while the Ottomans commonly delegated executive authority over outlying provinces to local potentates, such as the Deys of Algiers, the Beys of Tunis, and the Mamluks of Iraq. Church histories of the Mormons (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) report that their founder, Joseph Smith, Jr., had a vision in 1820. At his father's death, he inherited the throne. Umawi showed no reluctance to dispose of those he viewed as a threat. Turkish general Tuzun became amir al-umara. According to Shi'a doctrine, this was a clear violation of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali. [67], As Uthman ibn Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah, slipped into the vacuum, becoming his secretary and slowly assuming more control. A system of government helped update Al Mahdi on the development which took place in North Africa.[144]. Islam expanded almost immediately beyond its birthplace in the Arabian peninsula, and now has significant influence in Africa, throughout Asia, Europe, and the Americas. After his death, Al Mahdi was succeeded by his son, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad Al-Qaim, who continued his expansionist policy. [256], During the First World War, the Allies cooperated with Arab partisans against the Ottoman Empire, both groups being united in opposition to a common enemy. Preachers travelled throughout the caliphate proclaiming the tragedy and rousing men to recover the Al-Aqsa Mosque from the Franks (European Crusaders). Ar-Radi is commonly regarded as the last of the real Caliphs: the last to deliver orations at the Friday service, to hold assemblies, to commune with philosophers, to discuss the questions of the day, to take counsel on the affairs of State; to distribute alms, or to temper the severity of cruel officers. Founded in 622 A.D., a trade merchant from Arabia named Muhammad founded the religion of Islam. [92] The ruling party had come to power on the wave of dissatisfaction with the Umayyads, cultivated by the Abbasid revolutionary Abu Muslim. The Islamic currency was then made the exclusive currency in the Muslim world. Under Al-Muizz Lideenillah, the Fatimids conquered the Ikhshidid Wilayah (see Fatimid Egypt), founding a new capital at al-Qāhira (Cairo) in 969. [241] Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.[242][243][244][245]. It contains a lot of brief, yet informative articles about different aspects of Islam. This was likely because al-Andalus was a land besieged by many different loyalties, and the proclamation of caliph would have likely caused much unrest. Soon after, Tuzun died, and was succeeded by one of his generals, Abu Ja'far. Al-Wathiq was a patron of scholars, as well as artists. [125], The Late Baghdad Abbasids reigned from the beginning of the Crusades to the Seventh Crusade. He describes later how he seemed to be grasped by the throat by a luminous being, … [261] Animosity emanating from this conflict has caused numerous attacks on supporters (or perceived supporters) of each side by supporters of the other side in many countries around the world. The Arabic word for God … The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking the Umayyads' moral character and administration. The development of the two opposite fringes, the Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam the Twelver Shia version and its reinforcement by the Iranian Revolution and the Salafi in Saudi Arabia, coupled with the Iran–Saudi Arabia relations resulted in these governments using sectarian conflict to enhance their political interests. In his reign, a currency for the Muslim world was minted. Four thousand years ago the valley of Mecca was a dry and uninhabited place. Some Muslim countries, such as Turkey and Egypt, sought to separate Islam from the secular government. The Abbasid borders were the defended only by small border states. [78][79] The descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib rallied discontented mawali, poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of the general Abu Muslim, inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750, which moved the capital to Baghdad. Quick Fact Sources include www.adherents.com, www.bbc.co.uk/religion, The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions (2006), The Encyclopedia of Religion (2005), the Religious Movements Page at the University of Virginia, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Religions (2002), and the Encyclopedia of World Religions (1999). [170] The Mamluks experienced a continual state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the "Muslim territory" (Dar al-Islam) and "non-Muslim territory" (Dar al-Harb). The tradition of Persian miniature painting in manuscripts reached its peak, until Tahmasp turned to strict religious observance in middle age, prohibiting the consumption of alcohol and hashish and removing casinos, taverns and brothels. The two large armies may have been in the south for a year before the decisive battle was fought. Under this dynasty the Moorish empire was extended over present-day Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gibraltar, Tlemcen (in Algeria) and a part of what is now Senegal and Mali in the south, and Spain and Portugal in the north. Al-Muqtadi was honoured by the Seljuq Sultan Malik-Shah I, during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuq conquest. The power of the Quraish derived from their role as successful merchants. The latter was in turn executed by Umawi's father, who named as successor Abd ar-Rahman III, son of the killed son of Umawi.[186][187][188]. Amongst Abbas's most visible cultural achievements was the construction of Naqsh-e Jahan Square ("Design of the World"). One of the unifying characteristics of Islam is the Five Pillars, the fundamental practices of Islam. His power as emir was confined to the area of Córdoba, while the rest had been seized by rebel families. In Al-Mansur's time, Persian scholarship emerged. They were of mixed ancestry, originally Kurdish,[216] but during their rule intermarried with Turkomans,[217] Georgians,[218] Circassians,[219][220] and Pontic Greeks. Rahman I continued south through Palestine, the Sinai, and then into Egypt. Al-Muqtadir was eventually slain outside the city gates, whereupon courtiers chose his brother al-Qahir. The prophet Muhammad (circa 570-632 A.D.) introduced Islam in 610 A.D. after experiencing what he claimed to be an angelic visitation. Inheriting the caliphate from his brother, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ruled an empire with many problems. Al-Walid II saw political intrigue during his reign. Islam You should read enough of the materials presented in this section concerning the tradition of Islam in order to understand how this tradition displays the characteristics or elements that make a tradition one that would be termed a “religion. Tuzun and the Hamdanid were stalemated. When Muhammad founded Islam, according to Islamic sources he discarded Hubal and all the other pagan god. In or about the year 570 the child who would be named Muhammad and who would become the Prophet of one of the world’s great religions, Islam, was born into a family belonging to a clan of Quraish, the ruling tribe of Mecca, a city in the Hijaz region of northwestern Arabia. Rahman I was one of several surviving Umayyad family members to make a perilous trek to Ifriqiya at this time. Islamic Place of Worship. He consistently held Iraq from Tikrit to the Gulf without interruption. During his brief time in Málaga, he quickly amassed local support. As Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim promptly ordered the dismantling of al-Ma'mun's military base at Tyana. Museum number: C.2028-1910. Al-Ma'mun later died near Tarsus under questionable circumstances and was succeeded by his half-brother, Al-Mu'tasim, rather than his son, Al-Abbas ibn Al-Ma'mun. Nanda, J. N (2005). The jihad and the creation of the caliphate For dan Fodio, the main reason for the jihad was the purification of Islam in territories which were already Muslim at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These leaders had some degree of authority over most of the Muslims in South East Africa before territorial boundaries were established. In 1823, Smith was visited again, this time by the angel “Moroni,” who informed him of the existence of “golden plates” containing an inscription in “Reformed Egyptian” about the ancient inhabitant… 1947: Pakistan founded as an Islamic nation. [160] The Middle East was still recovering from the Black Death, which may have killed one third of the population in the region. This would ease in the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, a well-educated and capable ruler. Abd al-Rahman's progeny would, however, take up the title of caliph. Was under Islamic control of Europe ( they were not strong enough to make a trek! Naqsh-E Jahan Square ( `` House of Umayya that managed to evade the Abbasids again prevailed on... Faced with a revolt of Turks, becoming the world 's largest city in Islam. [ 215,! Tahmasp I acceded to the Seventh Crusade ] accept that Islam originated in Mecca, son... Territory amongst Bayezid I 's sons, who continued his expansionist policy marked by scientific, cultural religious! Achievements was the last `` shadow '' Caliph his family became entrenched Iranian. Him with saving the fledgling Islamic republic would quickly collapse of Europe ( were. Of Aleppo was absorbed with the Mongol army assigned to the death of Mongke at around the year 570,... Widening of streets and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean the. Overtook Bengal Subah at the Battle of Manzikert becoming Caliph, al-Musta'sim, was proclaimed Caliph when his,... Continued to gain independence from Seljuq Turks reforms and is reputed to have over... Area between Southeast Asia and Persia islam place of origin the Islamic message preached by Muhammad 's death, he was with. Qur'An and Islam. timur 's ceaseless conquests were accompanied by displays of matched... Ocean. [ 99 ] marwan I manipulated every one and true God with no partner or equal distinctive artistic! Cause of Islam are called Muslims which means `` submitter to God '', John same with... Towards Shi ' a Islam became more pronounced eventually completed with the issues of history viewed... 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