elements of oxygen

Periodic Table of Elements Element Oxygen - O. [54] The most common decay mode of the isotopes lighter than 16O is β+ decay[56][57][58] to yield nitrogen, and the most common mode for the isotopes heavier than 18O is beta decay to yield fluorine.[54]. [127], The NFPA 704 standard rates compressed oxygen gas as nonhazardous to health, nonflammable and nonreactive, but an oxidizer. Sulfur occurs in the uncombined state as well as in combination with other elements in rocks and minerals that are widely distributed, although it is classified among the minor constituents of the Earth’s crust, in which its proportion is estimated to be between 0.03 and 0.06 percent. It is occasionally found uncombined, accompanying native sulfur, but is more often found in combination with heavy metals (as copper, mercury, lead, or silver) in a few minerals. Oxygen is an element displayed by the symbol O, and atomic number 8. Hemoglobin binds O2, changing color from bluish red to bright red[39] (CO2 is released from another part of hemoglobin through the Bohr effect). Oxygen is an important element to life on Earth. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the earth's atmosphere. [105][106][107], An application of O2 as a low-pressure breathing gas is in modern space suits, which surround their occupant's body with the breathing gas. Test your bond with the periodic table of elements in this quiz on all 118 chemical elements and their symbols. The most important source is underground deposits of very pure sulfur present in domelike geologic structures where the sulfur is believed to have been formed by the action of bacteria upon the mineral anhydrite, in which sulfur is combined with oxygen and calcium. [60] About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand, or the amount of O2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration.[65]. The most common compound of oxygen is water, which is an oxide of hydrogen. It is part of very many natural compounds, in minerals as in organic material and of course in water, H 2 O. Oxygen forms compounds by reaction with practically any other element, as well as by reactions that displace elements from their combinations with each other; in many cases, these processes are accompanied by the evolution of heat and light and in such cases are called combustions. You may be familiar with the chemical symbols for hydrogen and oxygen, but can you match such lower-profile elements as gadolinium and erbium with their corresponding symbols? [72] The O2 remaining (after production of the water molecule) is released into the atmosphere.[f]. Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (R-CO-R); aldehydes (R-CO-H); carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR2). [62], Until the discovery of anaerobic metazoa,[73] oxygen was thought to be a requirement for all complex life. Oxygen and sulfur, the first two elements of the chalcogen family are found in most ores. Oxygen is reactive and will form oxides with all other elements except helium, neon, argon and krypton. The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. Oxygen is represented by the chemical symbol O. Oxygen is a very reactive element and it doesn't exist in singular atom form. Oxygen group element, also called chalcogen, any of the six chemical elements making up Group 16 (VIa) of the periodic classification—namely, oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and livermorium (Lv). It is moderately soluble in water (30 cm 3 per 1 liter of water dissolve) at 20 Celsius. Oxygen provides four types of text elements. Increasing the pressure of O2 as soon as possible helps to redissolve the bubbles back into the blood so that these excess gasses can be exhaled naturally through the lungs. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. [81], Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. [15][62][d] Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: Mars (with 0.1% O2 by volume) and Venus have much less. Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. The elements Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te) and Polonium (Po) together constitute group 16 of the long form of Periodic table and are collectively referred to as Members of “Oxygen Family”. Another air separation method is forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure O2 gas. This is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators, since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30%–50% O2 by volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure). [123], Water (H2O) is an oxide of hydrogen and the most familiar oxygen compound. [65] Ethylene is reacted with O2 to create ethylene oxide, which, in turn, is converted into ethylene glycol; the primary feeder material used to manufacture a host of products, including antifreeze and polyester polymers (the precursors of many plastics and fabrics). Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle). Oxygen. Jack Barrett, 2002, "Atomic Structure and Periodicity, (Basic concepts in chemistry, Vol. Oxygen is a very reactive element. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption). Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. [97] Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends') are sometimes addressed with this therapy. Oxygen bars are establishments found in the United States since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O2 exposure for a minimal fee. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. [130] Most of the organic compounds that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of O2. No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified, although some evidence points to an arc from an electrical spark. While -1 is present in some peroxides . [55] 17O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into helium during the CNO cycle, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars. Refrigerated liquid oxygen (LOX) is given a health hazard rating of 3 (for increased risk of hyperoxia from condensed vapors, and for hazards common to cryogenic liquids such as frostbite), and all other ratings are the same as the compressed gas form. The reactions are exothermic, so the temperature increases to 1,700 °C. The pharmacological effect is doubted; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation. Oxygen is essential to life. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale. Oxygen is the first element in Group 16 (VIA) of the periodic table. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds.After hydrogen and helium, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe by mass. Oxygen is an odorless and colorless gas with atomic number 8 on the periodic table. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting. Oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 in almost all compounds. To edit the text within any text element, double-click the text. [108][109], Scuba and surface-supplied underwater divers and submariners also rely on artificially delivered O2. [125][i], Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides. Element No. Uses: Oxygen was the atomic weight standard of comparison for the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. In... 2. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide. Oxygen is one of the atoms that makes up water (H 2 O). Sudden cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators above each seat, causing oxygen masks to drop. Air contains about 21 percent oxygen, and most fires require at least 16 percent oxygen content to burn. [3][140] Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion. Other animals use hemocyanin (molluscs and some arthropods) or hemerythrin (spiders and lobsters). Pure or nearly pure O2 use in diving at pressures higher than atmospheric is usually limited to rebreathers, or decompression at relatively shallow depths (~6 meters depth, or less),[110][111] or medical treatment in recompression chambers at pressures up to 2.8 bar, where acute oxygen toxicity can be managed without the risk of drowning. … There is epidemiological support for its use from a statistical study of cases recorded in a long term database. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate. It is the most abundant element in the human body making up around 65% of the body's mass. Several million tons of sulfur are produced each year, mostly for the manufacture of sulfuric acid, which is widely used in industry. The rest of the Earth's crust is also made of oxygen compounds, in particular various complex silicates (in silicate minerals). [g], The free oxygen partial pressure in the body of a living vertebrate organism is highest in the respiratory system, and decreases along any arterial system, peripheral tissues, and venous system, respectively. Oxygen: Have you ever tried to burn a candle in absence of air? [50], The spectroscopy of molecular oxygen is associated with the atmospheric processes of aurora and airglow. What is the element Oxygen as on the Periodic Table? [48] Both liquid and solid O2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue color of the sky, which is due to Rayleigh scattering of blue light). Fe 41, 1907. [15] Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass[61] as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide and is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. The Heading element is a text element that uses the HTML heading tags (h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6). Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}_{1-x}{\ce {O}}} The element is similarly found in almost all biomolecules that are important to (or generated by) life. [119][120], Most of the remaining 20% of commercially produced oxygen is used in medical applications, metal cutting and welding, as an oxidizer in rocket fuel, and in water treatment. Comprehensive data on the chemical element Oxygen is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Oxygen. Each molecule is made up of two oxygen atoms that are strongly joined together. Among living organisms only certain minute forms of plant life can exist without it. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. Deeper diving requires significant dilution of O2 with other gases, such as nitrogen or helium, to prevent oxygen toxicity.[110]. [95], Treatments are flexible enough to be used in hospitals, the patient's home, or increasingly by portable devices. Different elements can also be converted into their other states of matter by heating or by cooling. [87], Variations in atmospheric oxygen concentration have shaped past climates. Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. [3][38], Concentrated O2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%), argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. [114], Smelting of iron ore into steel consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. [75][76], An adult human at rest inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. Elemental oxygen in the form of O 2 is to 21% part of our air and is used by humans and animals for respiration. Elements combined. For example, the mineral FeO (wüstite) is written as Ambient pressure divers breathe air or gas mixtures with an oxygen fraction suited to the operating depth. This allows the body to flush lactic acid and more efficiently enhance physical performance as a direct result of sufficient blood and oxygen circulation. Polonium (symbol Po) is an extremely rare, radioactive element found in minerals containing uranium. OXYGEN the element is very common highly reactive nonmetallic element major component of air the second largest single component of the earth's atmosphere (21% by volume) Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth‘s crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide. Last but not least, catalytic oxidation is used in afterburners to get rid of hazardous gases. [47] At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water. [77] This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. The presence of large amounts of dissolved and free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere may have driven most of the extant anaerobic organisms to extinction during the Great Oxygenation Event (oxygen catastrophe) about 2.4 billion years ago. The oxygen atom is very reactive and forms oxides with virtually all other elements, with the exception of Oxygen is one of the most important elements as it is needed by most forms of life to survive on Earth. Oxygen, a very reactive gas, is the most abundant element on Earth. Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many organic compounds at or below room temperature in a process called autoxidation. Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and element symbol O. Air comprises almost 21% oxygen. There are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen, including: acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic acid. Without oxygen, animals would be unable to breathe and would consequently die. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [112] Professional athletes, especially in American football, sometimes go off-field between plays to don oxygen masks to boost performance. Since the beginning of the Cambrian period 540 million years ago, atmospheric O2 levels have fluctuated between 15% and 30% by volume. Acetone ((CH3)2CO) and phenol (C6H5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Updates? [9], At one time, premature babies were placed in incubators containing O2-rich air, but this practice was discontinued after some babies were blinded by the oxygen content being too high. Cons. Oxygen is one of the major components of air around us. According to some estimates, green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on Earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen has a high electronegativity. These devices use nearly pure oxygen at about one-third normal pressure, resulting in a normal blood partial pressure of O2. [51] The absorption in the Herzberg continuum and Schumann–Runge bands in the ultraviolet produces atomic oxygen that is important in the chemistry of the middle atmosphere. Comprehensive data on the chemical element Oxygen is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Oxygen. Estimates of the proportions of the various kinds of atoms in the universe put oxygen fourth in abundance, after hydrogen, helium, and neon, but the importance of such a ranking is slight, since hydrogen atoms account for almost 94 percent of the total and helium for most of the rest. Scheele heated several compounds including By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Oxygen is the first element in Group 16 of the periodic table, known as the chalcogen family. [65] A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction. People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft sometimes have supplemental O2 supplies. The chemical energy of oxygen is released in mitochondria to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen is also essential to decay. [9][46] At 25 °C and 1 standard atmosphere (101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter, and seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter. [9][110] Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis. The most stable are 15O with a half-life of 122.24 seconds and 14O with a half-life of 70.606 seconds. Oxygen is also in virtually every molecule in your body including fats, carbohydrates and DNA. [72] Oxygen is damaging to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms. Concentrate the element is similarly found in a long term database jack Barrett 2002... 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