Other such organizations within the industry existed in various parts of the country around this same time, but the distilling industry in Peoria, having started with one distillery in 1844, had actually outgrown its counterpart in Kentucky by 1880. It was statewide in some instances, and under various forms of local option (towns, counties, municipalities, or city districts having the right to legislate and enforce prohibition) in others. So, if the whiskey was produced in, say, September or October, and it couldnt begin its trip to the Big Easy until, say, April, by the time it made its way to Bourbon Street, it could have been eight to nine months old. This was typical of the time. Why? The most unfortunate outcome of the events surrounding the Whiskey Trust was that many small distilleries simply disappeared, while others were left under the control of large concerns. Basil Hayden (Old Grand-Dad Bourbon) settled in Kentucky in either 1785 or 1796, depending on the source. In 1893, one of the most colorful characters ever to grace the whiskey industry, Julius Pappy Van Winkle, entered the whiskey business as a salesman for W. L. Weller and Son. Among its offering is a whiskey, sold in ceramic jars and bottles, that Canale names Old Dominick. However, since it takes 10 full days for the whiskey to travel through all of the charcoal, we think he was referring to his new, though slow, method of filtration. Its clear that the whiskey business had its problems: The swingers of the twenties preferred gin to whiskey; post-Prohibition whiskey drinkers got used to blended whiskeys; and then the demon rum reared its head during World War II. Undeterred, they turned their talents to fermenting other fruits--and even vegetables. Overall, the Civil Wars effect on the whiskey business, by no means negligible, was to whittle down the number of whiskey distilleries and distillers--a fact that probably didnt upset temperance advocate--and onetime tavern keeper--Abraham Lincoln. The government did allow a couple of distillation holidays toward the end of the war, but it would be the late 1940s to early 1950s before most distilleries were once again up and running full force with a decent supply of aged whiskey on hand. In 1864, David M. Beam, owner of the Old Tub distillery, was blessed with child--the one and only Jim Beam. Babcock became an Inspector of Lighthouses and drowned in 1884; McDonald was found guilty of his crimes in 1875, fined $5,000, and sentenced to three years imprisonment--but was pardoned, less than two years later, by President Hayes. It was at the Sazerac Coffee House on Royal Street where local patrons were served toddies made with our rye whiskey and Peychaud's bitters. However, McDonald had a few cards up his sleeve, and although he offered to replace the money in return for immunity (claiming he would get it from the distilleries), he also dropped mention of Grants name to add weight to his plea for clemency. A lid of sorts must then have been fitted onto the top of the log. One thing was for sure--there would be major changes in the way the industry conducted itself. Albert Stevens Crockett, historian for the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, detailed some of the colorful antics that occurred at this bar in The Old Waldorf-Astoria Bar Book. Whiskeys made at this distillery include Very Old Barton, Ten High, Kentucky Gentleman, Colonel Lee, Tom Moore, and Barclays. Decrying prohibition during that period was somewhat akin to promoting cigarettes in 1995--although it doesnt amount to treason, it just isnt politically correct.. The Prohibition movement began in the early 1800s based on noble ideas such as . The taxes, when they were reintroduced in 1862 to help pay for the Civil War, had been set at 20 per proof gallon (one gallon at 100? Although we cant say for certain how many people believed their claim as patriotic party do-gooders, evidence points to up to 15 million gallons of whiskey a year, which would have generated a cool $7.5 million in taxes--an extraordinary amount of money at the time--going untaxed between 1870 and 1874. Carson states that one colonel from Georgia was actually making whiskey himself--prohibition be damned. These prices could be much higher in cities or for name brand liquors. This passage shows the fallacy of the position taken by some agitators that even though wine was used authoritatively in Bible times, it was home-made wine only, and not bought and sold.. And the American whiskey distillers took note. This was, after all, the first time that Washington had ever enforced federal law in the United States, and in order to persuade men to fight their fellow countrymen, Washington needed to prove he was a strong leader. The U.S. had just come through two decades of decadence and was primed to get serious about over-consumption and take a hard look at what it was drinking. Tennesseans, however, were not the only whiskey men to use charcoal filtration; one document in Louisvilles Filson Club, written prior to 1820, describes filtering whiskey through layers of white flannel, clean white sand, and pulverized charcoal made from good green wood such as sugar tree hickory. However, the Kentucky distiller who detailed these instructions, used only 18 to 20 inches of charcoal, not even close to the 10-plus feet described in Eatons process. Referred to as a "Tribute to Warehouse H" by LMDW. Within four years he was selling whiskey. When a movie cowboy orders three fingers of red-eye (although a dictionary will tell you that red-eye is cheap whiskey), he is actually demanding the good stuff--it dont get red until its aged. Tight barrels were valuable, and recyclable, and used barrels were less expensive than new ones. To have lived during this period must have been similar to people who were born in the 1930s; one minute you get your first telephone installed, and before you know it, you are accessing information from libraries in Budapest. Another major development of this era was the 1825 invention of The Lincoln County Process by Tennessean Alfred Eaton. Bottles, however, were the exception rather than the rule--they simply added to the price of whiskey. In effect, Lincoln was urging the temperance group to enlighten the public. alcohol. The other two formulas use less straight whiskey but add flavorings such as tinctures of cloves and allspice. The ploy seems to have had the desired effect. According to Patricia M. Rice, author of Altered States, in 1873, Eliza Jane Thompson, a woman with a passionate distaste for the drinking classes, led 70 women to drugstores and bars in her hometown of Hillsboro, Ohio, where they stood outside and sang hymns and prayed. 1 review of Standard Proof Whiskey - Austin "I'm going back. But 21 years had passed since Prohibition had taken such wonderful, big-bodied, rich, flavorful whiskeys away from the public. Upon his release from jail McDonald accused Grant of taking part in the Ring in his book, Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring (1880). To cap off the Lincoln question, two more instances give insight into his views: In 1854, after Lincoln refused to partake of whiskey on a particular occasion, Stephen Douglas asked him if he were a member of a temperance society. It had the power to soothe mens souls, to make them forget the carnage of the battlefield, and perhaps most importantly, whiskey often acted as the only anaesthetic available. After trading the slaves, gold, and pepper in Barbados, the ship returned to Rhode Island carrying 55 hogsheads of molasses, 3 hogsheads of sugar, and over 400 in bills of exchange. But it wasnt until the following year that Carry Nation actually wielded the hatchet that became her trademark when she destroyed a saloon in Wichita. Follow the American Whiskey Trail and the Distilled Spirits Council on Facebook! It was a grand system that had actually been around since about 1870 when bottles became more common as a way of packaging whiskey, but as local Prohibition spread, drinkers in dry areas began writing away for whiskey like never before, and they were treated to some marvelous offers and premiums. The timing was brilliant. The bar opened in 1897 and closed its doors when Prohibition was enacted. Though that possibility is not unthinkable, its more probable that he was making corn beer. What he actually said was that although many people were injured by alcohol, they didnt seem to believe that it was from the use of a bad thing, and that they thought it merely from the abuse of a good thing. Not that she hated only alcohol, mind you, Carry also hated sex, tobacco, and Teddy Roosevelt. It has no interest apart from the church. And that is exactly what she did. Whiskey-making was one of the first cottage industries in the land; it was responsible for George Washington mustering federal troops for the first time, and whiskey went with the early pioneers as they traveled westward to explore new territories. The whiskey men of America were somewhat nervous that much of their audience was gone. But still, there was grain left over. As the name implies, Old Grand-Dad's 114 is indeed 114 proof. Rates were based on the alcoholic strength of the product, spirits made from home-grown products were taxed less than those made from imported goods (rum, made from imported molasses, therefore, was more-heavily taxed than whiskey), and an annual tax was levied on each still, dependent on its capacity. The death knell was tolling for the slower, more work-intensive, old-fashioned pot stills. With its 80-proof variety ranking as one of the top ten best-selling straight whiskeys on the market, this Jim Beam subsidiary has been at it since the 1800s with budget bottles that look like something your old man or his father would imbibe upon. Happily, the atmosphere was nowhere near as oppressive as it had been for our forefathers at the beginning of this century. However, those nineteenth-century temperance movements had been gaining momentum, and the whiskey industry was about to confront its most formidable enemy. Another humiliation occurred after Grants re-election in 1872, when Vice President Schuyler Colfax was investigated for taking bribes. The log was then stood upright and filled from the top with fermented mash. Certainly that was not enough time in the wood to soothe its soul completely, but undoubtedly, it was long enough for the whiskey to have gained some color and mellowed sufficiently for quaffers to notice the difference. To cut a long, complicated, and somewhat boring story down to a minimum, the company finally gave in to legal pressure and dissolved in 1902. And according to various industry documents of the time, it was used in a variety of fairly astounding ways: A by-product of making any form of beverage alcohol from grain is the leftover mash, which is dried and used as feed for farm animals. Later, in 1861, he did, however, add his signature to a temperance declaration that already bore the names of John Quincy Adams, James Buchanan, Martin Van Buren, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Jackson, James Madison, Franklin Pierce, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, and John Tyler. While Presidents Johnson and Grant were going through their personal and political strifes, the excise tax that Lincoln had been forced to impose in 1862 had taken its toll on the whiskey industry. Whiskey was a spirit of contention during the Civil War, and was, in part, the reason that Grant never served a third term in the White House. This date coincides nicely with George Garvin Browns 1870 decision to sell his Old Forester bourbon exclusively in sealed bottles. Once a small distillery became part of the trust, it was either closed down or production was cut back, the aim being to control production at as many distilleries as possible. Some bootleggers took a shortcut and produced highly toxic methyl or wood alcohol instead of ethyl (beverage) alcohol. Lincolns secretary, John Hay, when recording the 1863 arrival of the Sons of Temperance at the White House, noted that the group blamed the defeats of Union troops on intemperance among the soldiers. In 1640, William Kieft, the Director General of the New Netherland Colony, decided that liquor should be distilled on Staten Island. Well, something was done, and when the law was enforced in 1907, all grain spirits other than straight whiskey had to be labeled compound, imitation, or blended. Consumers interpreted this language to mean that the only true whiskey was straight whiskey, and this wasnt really fair to the producers of blended products, so when Taft took office in 1909, he decided to establish further standards of identity and clarify the definition. In modern terms, those seven gallons are the equivalent of 1.7 bottles of a standard 80-proof liquor per person, per week nearly 90 bottles a year for every adult in the nation. Whatever his product actually was, however, was strong enough to get a whole bunch of native Americans so drunk that they scalped and killed him in 1622. And beer was made in relatively copious quantities in the 1600s. Bushmills is the oldest licensed whiskey distillery in the world. While the history is cloudy, many people believe that bourbon was first created by Elijah Craig, a former Baptist preacher. Fact is that the distillers needed to store their whiskey in tight or leakproof barrels, and at that time, tight barrels were used to store just about everything from water to molasses to linseed oil to tar. In the late 1800s, Irish whiskey distilleries began to add an 'e' to the spelling of "whisky" to distinguish themselves from their competitors making scotch, and Jameson Irish Whiskey was certainly one to follow suit. Once again, just as in the case of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, whiskey was being made to help finance the armed forces. A lot of people were out to make a fast buck, and the quality of whiskey for sale was deteriorating. And although the Governor of New Yorks office wasnt mentioned in the telegram, it is said that, even during the dry years, Franklin D. Roosevelt was wont to serve cocktails from his desk every afternoon at four. I do not believe that men can be legislated into angels--even red-nosed angels. Henry Watterson, owner and editor of the Louisville Courier Journal, wrote those words in 1913. The whiskey business in the U.S. was greatly affected by the advent of the railroad--wherever people roamed, they needed red liquor to help them along, and when the railroads began expanding, it became easier, and quicker, to get whiskey to new markets. In the early years of the twentieth century, large food companies had already started shipping foodstuffs all over the country, and there was growing concern about the preservatives and dyes being used, as well as the sanitary conditions in the packaging plants. " Simply put, whiskey was extremely cheap and extremely available, resulting in a huge spike in American consumption. Whiskey was most often called "firewater" in the Wild West. Yes, all sorts of deals were going on throughout this period--distilleries without a medicine license were selling their stocks to those who did, others maintained warehouses where those with licenses could store their whiskey under government supervision, and an unofficial cartel sent Owsley Brown of Brown-Forman to Europe to try to sell over 20,000 barrels of bourbon--a mission that was only partially successful. Specifically, when he . The Willett Family Estate has worked diligently since the mid-1800s to start, perfect, and craft their award-winning spirits. Most goods at this time were sold locally by portions--the buyer knew to bring his or her own flour sack, barrel, tub, or jug to the purveyor, who filled it with flour, oats, lard, or whiskey. And dont think they didnt complain. The bonding period was increased to three years in 1879, and in 1894, after the nation had just suffered a massive depression known as The Panic of 1893, it was increased again, this time to eight years. These were to be trying times for the President. The Shapira family, owners of this distillery, now produce Heaven Hill, Evan Williams, Elijah Craig, Henry McKenna, J. T. S. Brown, and Mattingly and Moore bourbons as well as Pikesville straight rye whiskey. B. Dant (Yellowstone Bourbon) built a distillery at Gethsemane, Kentucky, in 1912. However, much whiskey was being sold in bulk to rectifiers and bottlers of the time, and the problem of unscrupulous wholesalers (and retailers) adulterating good whiskey just had to be tackled. I. W. Harper Bourbon won a gold medal at the Exposition Universal, in Paris, France, in 1900 and another at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904. J. When wet days returned, Schenley, which was in the same boat as most other whiskey producers who did not have enough aged product on hand, decided to mix some of their good aged whiskey with some younger straight whiskeys and market it as Golden Wedding--the first blend of straight whiskeys on the market. Weak homebrew beer (typically around 1 to 2% ABV) was the closest thing to potable water in european (and colonial) homes since medieval times. Demand was diminished--and things didnt change a great deal until some learned spirits aficionados decided that whiskey wasnt getting enough attention and started to shed some light on the intricacies of single malt Scotch in the 1980s. It is the first Scotch to sell for six figures. Elijah Pepper (James E. Pepper and Old Crow Bourbons) settled in Old Pepper Springs, Kentucky, in 1776. We will not be surprised to see one or two pot-still American whiskeys on the market within the next five years or so. In the years between the settling of Kentucky and the Civil War, many minor and a few major events started to affect the whiskey business in America. Their company would later merge with the Weller company and become known as Stitzel-Weller. The company went on to buy the Jack Daniel Distillery in the 1950s. Later that year she actually smashed up an entire saloon in Kiowa, Oklahoma. The adventurous and the curious started moving farther away from the East Coast, boosting the whiskey business as they progressed westward. Along with many other reputable distillers and rectifiers, Taylor was worried that the bad whiskey in the marketplace would reflect badly on the whole industry. The George T. Stagg Distillery went on to become the Ancient Age Distillery and was sold before Schenley was taken over. It was cheaper than beer, wine, coffee, tea, and milk in the 1820s than to buy whiskey. In Europe, the Great War broke out in 1914, and although President Woodrow Wilson initially declared that the country would remain neutral, on April 6, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany. During the year before his death in 1799, it has been estimated that he earned a considerable profit from his distillery, and had upwards of 150 gallons of whiskey left in storage. During the post-war years, when many distilleries were being built or rebuilt, Coffeys continuous still became commonplace in the American whiskey business. In 1791, George Washington approved an excise tax on liquor. James E. Pepper built the James E. Pepper Distillery in 1879 and soon produced a whiskey that bore his name. To match todays style of bourbon whiskey, we must use todays standards as our guide: Bourbon must be aged for at least two years in charred oak casks (folk may tell you they must be white oak, but government specifications dont designate a type), and contain more corn than the sum of all *other grains used. 21 By the 1870s, the temperance movement exerted great influence in American life and culture, as this example illustrates. They might have been making a decent living, but many, indeed, most transactions at that time were conducted by barter. Here are the 12 best bourbon whiskey brands you should be drinking in 2023. . Colonel Albert B. Blanton became plant manager at the George T. Stagg distillery in 1912. Indeed, for every 1,000 bushels of corn used to make alcohol, the leftover mash could feed 30 head of cattle and 15 pigs for 112 days, thus producing 1,000 pounds of beef and 240 pounds of pork. One report states that General James Wilkinson built a distillery at Harrodsburg, the earliest permanent settlement in Kentucky (1774), but that report is probably untrue since there is no record of Wilkinson being in the area until about 10 years later. In 1865, Benjamin Harris Blanton started distilling whiskey in Leestown on the site where the Ancient Age Distillery now produces Blantons Single Barrel Bourbon. Bonding helped the whiskey men a little since it meant that they didnt have to pay their taxes as soon as the spirit ran out of the still, but 12 months wasnt a very long grace period considering that whiskey under two years old isnt worth drinking, and it doesnt really gain much character until it has been in the wood for three to four years. This 100-proof bourbon (and rye) got its 9-year-old age statement back in 2020 after it was removed for a few years . AP Photo Consumption begins to drop. The still-popular Lairds Applejack can trace its roots to Scotsman William Laird, most probably a whisky distiller, and most definitely from the Highlands of Scotland. The Volstead Act all but destroyed many of the legitimate whiskey distilleries. In December of that year the Distilled Spirits Institute (DSI) was formed in the New York offices of the Schenley Products Company. By 1786, the whiskey we now call bourbon was known as Kentucky or Western whiskey--just so people could distinguish it from Pennsylvania, Monongahela, or Maryland rye whiskey. By 1820, over 25 percent of the total U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians, and by that time, steamboats had replaced the flatboats and were plying the Mississippi laden with Kentucky whiskey. Some depicted Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Grover Cleveland, and Carry Nation, while others pictured tableaux, such as a jockey on horseback or a Continental soldier. One man whose name has certainly not been forgotten was the notorious preacher, Elijah Craig, who arrived in Kentucky in 1786 and was making whiskey three years later. While all this was going on, the whiskey industry had been making good use of a loophole in the law by selling liquor by mail. Liquor, beer, and wine have long been popular targets of taxation for governments in need of a few extra dollars for two very simple reasons: Beverage alcohol is produced from food, be it fruit, sugar, or grain, but it is not necessary to sustain life. However, to some extent, Grant was directly involved with this scam: One of its main culprits, who was never convicted of any wrongdoing, was protected by Grant, and rumor at the time had it that Grants son Fred and brother Orvil had directly profited from the fraud. Colony did a very thorough job and accumulated enough data to place John McDonald (the St. Louis-based superintendent of the Internal Revenue) at the head of the Whiskey Ring. They spent it on the good stuff. Drinkers looked to fine wines in the 1970s, and a decade later they took the high road that led directly to single malt Scotches. Its doubtful. The distillery that made Old Grand-Dad whiskey was taken over by the Wathen family in 1899. In modern terms, those seven gallons are the equivalent of 1.7 bottles of a standard 80-proof liquor per person, per weeknearly 90 bottles a year for every adult in the nation, even with. And even east--to exotic ports such as New York City where, according to Luc Sante, author of Low Life, Lures and Snares of Old New York, for under a nickel, you could drink all the whiskey you could manage by sucking it through a rubber tube until you had to stop to take a breath. Paul Jones introduced his Four Roses whiskey to Kentucky in 1888. They had the right idea, and if they just could have waited another 50 years or so, they might have made a fortune. Rye whiskey was still very popular during the early twentieth century, and the number of bottlings of Pennsylvania Rye or Monongahela rye whiskey generally outnumbered the bourbons in advertisements of the time. Very simply, these men created the Distillers and Cattle Feeders Trust (unofficially known as the Whiskey Trust) with an eye to buying up small-scale distilleries (whether or not they wanted to be bought), and thus controlling the price and quantity of whiskey on the market. For some of them, this meant traveling a couple of hundred miles through dangerous country where native Americans were wont to attack, and it also meant leaving their farms for relatively long periods when there was work to be done--and whiskey to be made. It is what its name indicates--a League. Meanwhile, during the late 1700s, the Scots-Irish, a huge group of immigrants from Northern Ireland began arriving in the United States. His policies were bitterly opposed by the Republican majority in Congress, which unsuccessfully initiated impeachment proceedings in the Senate, and he was chided for supporting Sewards Folly, the purchase of Alaska (and its yet undiscovered gold) from Russia for $7,200,000. This was a time that really sorted out the men from the boys; unfortunately, though, many of the boys were the ones who made great whiskey, and many of the men were more concerned with business: Quantity mattered more than quality. The traditional price for a bottle of cheap whiskey in a cowboy saloon was two bits (25 cents). Suddenly, liquor store shelves were filled with new bottlings of old brands of fine American whiskey, old-looking bottlings of new brands, and a variety of new terms were being bandied about. So it is with American whiskey--the original concept may have been imported from far away lands, but some 300 years later, American whiskeyis a product unto itself. This shape is used, primarily, so that the bands that hold the barrel together can be tightened around the wider mid-section of the barrel, thus pushing the staves closer together and forming a watertight--or whiskeytight--seal. First, they made beer. Made in Kentucky, this barrel-proof version has a higher . Rye ) got its 9-year-old Age statement back in 2020 after it was than... More work-intensive, old-fashioned pot stills while the history is cloudy, many believe! The George T. Stagg distillery in the United states industry conducted itself occurred after re-election!, rich, flavorful whiskeys away from the top of the log was then stood upright and from... Institute ( DSI ) was formed in the 1950s and soon produced a whiskey that his... Schenley was taken over by the 1870s, the temperance group to enlighten the public bar in! Their audience was gone beverage ) alcohol built or rebuilt, Coffeys continuous still became commonplace in the United.! 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what proof was whiskey in the 1800s